About
Australia

About Australia unique habitats

Our journeys (typically the Uniquely Australia National Parks Tour) traverse a range of vegetation zones and associated habitats. The continent’s drift north from the moist polar region, the extreme age of the soils leached of nutrient, the lack of “recent” soil generating volcanism and the presence of bushfires has produced a vegetation unique in the world.

The Australian Eucalypt or gum tree with its 500 species is a dominant feature across the continent and a survivor of its conditions. It is a Sclerophyll or hard leaved tree adapting to open dry or denser moist conditions and even alpine environments. It is regarded as the toughest hardwood in the world. However, its highly inflammable eucalypt oil content has made ours the most fire prone continent of all.

The Dry Sclerophyll forests are fairly open with sun penetration to the forest floor. Sparse grasses, dead leaves and twigs cover the floor, providing fuel for fires which in turn play a roll in seed release and germination. The penetrating sun and poor soils provide opportunity for a wide variety of unique wild flowers. Here exists the habitat for our most endeared forest birds, grey kangaroos and koalas.

The Wet Sclerophyll forests occur primarily in the east and south-east of the continent. Better quality soils and moister conditions support tall stands of trees, densely positioned, shading an understorey of ferns which in turn shelter the foraging wildlife.

Towering hardwood trees 30m to 60m tall exist in the south-east. In the Tasmanian wilderness the majestic Mountain Ash at 80m to 100m is the world’s tallest hardwood and the tallest flowering plant. An isolated community of magnificent Karri Trees grow in the continents south-west. Cool, damp air in the wet forests enhances the aroma of oil bearing and peppermint gums and other aromatic plants. Flocks of lorikeets feed on eucalypt blossom while the scarlet and green king parrots and sulphur crested white cockatoos screech through the canopy.

The Rainforest canopies are so densely arranged they intermingle and “close the roof” on the forest floor creating an extraordinary natural ecosystem. Narrow belts of rainforest can be found on the eastern fringes of The Great Divide where the ancient Antarctic Beach trees with their gnarled, moss covered trunks await your discovery. In the wet tropics region of Queensland the rainforest is claimed to contain an almost complete record of the evolution of plant life on earth and the highest concentration of primitive flowering plant families in the world.

Located between the central arid regions and the coastal forests is a broad band of Woodlands featuring open grassy landscapes dotted by scattered trees and shrubs dominated by Eucalypts and Acacia (wattle). In the far north the savannah woodland features from inland through to the sea. The trees with their thick bark are strongly fire-resistant and a profusion of wildlife is easily observed in the open including kangaroos, wallabies, eagles, echidna (spiny anteater), cockatoos and parrots.

Grasslands are found on vast expanses of inland flat country, interrupted by rocky ridges. The only true grassland typical of the North American prairie is the Mitchell Grass Country featured in our Outback to Reef journey. Here tussocks of grasses are resistant to occasional drought and heavy grazing. This is black clay soil country which cracks, so preventing any root growth and tree survival. In the tropical north the abundant grasslands provide sustenance for grass eating termites which have built thousands of towering mounded homes across the plains. “Fire-stick farming” was once practised by Aborigines who flushed out game for food and grassland seeds were ground on stone to make their flour. Seed eating birds, galahs, eagles, the Australian bustard, kangaroos and goannas frequent these habitats.

Also in the north the unique and attractive paperbarks can be found in coastal brackish swamps, often existing in pure stands. There are also large expanses of Salt Marshes running through to Mangroves, lining inlets and estuaries inundated by the tides. Here lies the vital breeding habitat of marine and freshwater species, a burgeoning population of migratory birdlife and the Australian estuarine crocodile. Wet monsoons dominate the summer months and then it is dry for the rest of the year. The largest single Australian habitat occupies 40% of the continent. Our inland arid and semi-arid regions (typically enjoyed on our Corner Country tour; Flinders Ranges, Lake Eyre, Red Centre Tour and Central Australia Tour) support few substantial trees. Here clumps of spinifex grass, hardy drought resistant shrubs of mulga and saltbush prevail. After rain, there is a rush of energy, growth and bloom from short-lived plants following their long periods in dormancy. Reproduction is triggered in the wildlife population. Australia has few lifeless vistas. However, animals have to range widely for food and speed is essential to reach the safety of the underground burrow. Most are fast runners, some raised on their hind legs or leaping with agility. Most are nocturnal using the cover of darkness for cool and safety. Sight, smell and the ability to blend with the colour of their surrounds is vital. The arid regions in the south are bordered by a dwarfed Eucalypt known as Mallee. These trees have a number of thin stems rising from massive underground root structures which survive in low rainfall and salty soil conditions. Here the Mallee or Salt-bush scrub provides shelter and leaf litter for the mound building mallee fowl incubating its eggs in the mound. You will discover the Mallee Country on our Big Rivers Tour.

Australia’s Alpine habitats are confined to small regions of the high country toward the southeast corner and in the island state of Tasmania. Bogs, marshes, sphagnum moss, heath and even the colourful and twisted snow gums, a hardy species of Eucalypt, survive tenaciously above 900 to 1500 metres altitude in grotesque weather-beaten forms. In the granite high country of Mount Kosciuszko mean monthly temperature can be below freezing for 8 months of the year. Essentially our high country is a rolling tableland caused by a great uplift in the continent’s eastern edge some two million years ago, at that time changing the flow of some rivers from east to west. Crimson rosellas and gang gang cockatoos, red-necked and swamp wallabies, rodents living under the snow and pigmy possums all call the high country their home.

History

Guide to Australia historic milestones

The First Australians

• Approx 60,000 years ago, Aboriginal people are thought to have roamed the continent.
• Archaeological findings of human remains have been dated in excess of 30,000 years.
• 1616 – the first Europeans landed on the west coast.
• 1770 – Capt James Cook sailed the east coast and claimed the continent for Britain, calling it New South Wales. An estimated 300,000 Aborigines already lived on the continent.
• 1788 – the First Fleet arrived in Sydney Cove and established the first settlement.

Penal Settlement and Exploration

• 1830 – a penal settlement was established at Port Arthur in Tasmania. Ultimately 157,000 convicts were transported to Australia.
• 1813- the first crossing of the Blue Mountains (Great Divide) from Sydney, opening up the inland.
• 1825 – first settlement was established in Brisbane, Perth (1829), Melbourne (1835), Adelaide (1836).
• 1840 – the total Australian white population was 190,000.
• 1851 – the first major gold discovery occurred at Ballarat in Victoria.
• 1862 – John McDouall Stuart crossed the continent south to north.
• 1869 – Darwin finally settled in the north.
• 1879 – Australia’s first National Park was created south of Sydney – Royal National Park.
• 1895 – Andrew Barton (Banjo) Patterson penned “Waltzing Matilda” and other works.

Birth of One Nation

• 1901 – The Commonwealth of Australia was founded with a national government and colonies becoming states as they are today.
• 1919 – The first overseas aeroplane landed in Darwin
• 1928 – The Royal Flying Doctor Service commenced bringing unique aerial medical support to the outback.
• 1932 – The Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened
• 1949 – The great Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme was launched.
• 1967 – Citizenship was granted to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders by a white Australians referendum

The Environmental Conscience

• 1972 – Lake Pedder in South-West Tasmania was flooded despite a major conservation battle.
• 1981 – The Great Barrier Reef dedicated as a World Heritage Listed (WHL) area
• 1982 – South-West Tasmania was declared a WHL area
• 1983 – Conservationists saved the Franklin River in the Tasmanian wilderness from being flooded for a Hydro-Electric Scheme.
• 1986 – Kakadu National Park declared a WHL area
• 1987 – Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park declared a WHL area (Ayers Rock / The Olgas)
• 1987 – Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves declared a WHL area
• 1988 – Wet Tropics of Queensland declared a WHL area
• 1992 – A landmark court case recognised that a principle of native land title existed before British settlers arrived.
• 1994 – Australian Fossil Mammal Sites declared as WHL areas (Riversleigh/Naracoorte)
• 1996 – Australia’s population reached 18 million with 50 indigenous and 240 other languages, apart from English, being spoken
• 2000 – The Greater Blue Mountains National park declared a WHL area
• 2003 – The Purnululu National Park declared a WHL area (Bungle Bungle Range)
• 2003 – Australia’s population reaches 20 million
• Australia has 17 World Heritage Listed areas and more than 300 National Parks
• 2015 – Australia’s population reaches 24 million